History of Informed Consent

In 1767: Slater V.Baker & Stapleton was the person who said that “…it is reasonable that a patient should be told what is about to be done to him.”

In 1898: Osler, William said “To deliberately inject a poison of known high degree of virulency into a human being, unless you obtain a man’s sanction…is criminal.” (In response to an oral presentation by Giuseppe Sanarelli on discovery of the etiologic agent of yellow fever)

Clinical Trials- Definition and Types

Clinical Trial/research studies gives a clinician many answers to questions from the point of prevention, detection, diagnosis, control and treatment of illness or a condition such as cancer. It is used not only in relation to a new drug but also to study equipments, devices, treatments, interventions etc.The following is the list of  the different kinds of trials:

Treatment trials - Finding newer and more effective treatment approaches and options.

Prevention trials - Finding new ways to prevent a specific disease from developing in people who have not previously had the disease or to prevent the recurrence of the disease in those already having the disease.

Diagnostic trials - Developing new trials or procedures to identify a particular disease or health condition earlier or more accurately.

Screening trials - Detecting diseases or health conditions before they start to appear as symptoms.

Supportive care / Quality of life trials - Exploring new interventions that can improve the quality of life and comfort level of individuals suffering from chronic disease conditions.

Misspelled words- Module 1(Letter A)

We will first start with the alphabet A:

Acceptable - suffix pronounced -êbl but sometimes spelled -ible, sometimes -able. Just remember to accept any table offered to you.

Accidentally - It is no accident that the test for adverbs on -ly is whether they come from an adjective on -al ("accidental" in this case). If so, the -al has to be in the spelling. No publical, then publicly.

Accommodate - Remember, this word is large enough to accommodate both a double "c" AND a double "m." 

Acquire - Try to acquire the knowledge that this word and the next began with the prefix ad- but the [d] converts to [c] before [q].

Acquit - See the previous discussion.

A lot - Two words! Hopefully, you won't have to allot a lot of time to this problem.

Amateur - Amateurs need not be mature: this word ends on the French suffix -eur (the equivalent of English -er).

Apparent - A parent need not be apparent but "apparent" must pay the rent, so remember this word always has the rent.

Argument - Let's not argue about the loss of this verb's silent [e] before the suffix -ment.

Atheist - Lord help you remember that this word comprises the prefix a- "not" + the "god" (also in the-ology) + -ist "one who believes."

Graduate Record Exam- Analogy

Analogy Practice Test Questions with Key:

1. DRIP : GUSH
A. cry : laugh
B. curl : roll
C. stream : tributary
D. dent : destroy
E. bend : angle
2. WALK : LEGS
A. blink : eyes
B. chew : mouth
C. dress : hem
D. cover : book
E. grind : nose
3. ENFRANCHISE : SLAVERY
A. equation : mathematics
B. liberate : confine
C. bondage : subjugation
D. appeasement : unreasonable
E. anatomy : physiology
4. UNION JACK : VEXILLOLOGY
A. toad : ornithology
B. turtle : microbiology
C. gymnosperms : botany
D. friend : home economics
E. algae : zoology
5. TOPAZ : YELLOW
A. diamond : carat
B. jeweler : clarity
C. sapphire : red
D. amethyst : purple
E. amber : blue
6. LUMEN : BRIGHTNESS
A. candle : light
B. density : darkness
C. nickel : metal
D. inches : length
E. color : hue
7. MACERATION : LIQUID
A. sublimation : gas
B. evaporation : humidity
C. trail : path
D. erosion : weather
E. decision : distraction
8. CLUMSY : BOTCH
A. wicked :insinuate
B. strict:pamper
C. willful:heed
D. clever:eradicate
E. lazy:shirk
9. FUGITIVE : FLEE
A. parasite:foster
B. braggart:boast
C. sage:stifle
D. bystander:procure
E. firebrand:quibble
10. CHRONOLOGICAL : TIME
A. virtual:truth
B. abnormal:value
C. marginal:knowledge
D. ordinal:place
E. coincidental:health
11. SOOT : GRIMY
A. frost:transparent
B. sunshine:fruitless
C. rain:sodden
D. pall:gaudy
E. dust:radiant
12. MORBID : UNFAVORABLE
A. reputable:favorable
B. maternal:unfavorable
C. disputatious:favorable
D. vigilant:unfavorable
E. lax:favorable
13. SULLEN : BROOD
A. lethargic:cavort
B. regal:cringe
C. docile: obey
D. poised:blunder
E. despondent:laugh
14. AUTHOR : LITERATE
A. cynic:guillible
B. hothead:prudent
C. saint:notorious
D. judge:impartial
E. doctor:fallible
15. MASSIVE : BULK
A. ultimate:magnitude
B. trival:importance
C. anonymous:luster
D. interminable:legacy
E. gigantic:size
16. ENTICE : REPEL
A. germinate:sprout
B. flourish:fade
C. officiate:preside
D. lubricate:grease
E. implore:entreat
17. HUMDRUM : BORE
A. grim:amuse
B. nutritious:sicken
C. stodgy:excite
D. heartrending:move
E. pending:worry
18. HOSPITABLE : COURTESY
A. morbid:cheerfulness
B. vindictive:spite
C. leisurely:haste
D. infamous:honor
E. despondent:glee
19. REINFORCE : STRONGER
A. abound: lesser
B. dismantle: longer
C. wilt: higher
D. shirk: greater
E. erode: weaker
20. BRAGGART : MODESTY
A. fledgling:experience
B. embezzler: greed
C. wallflower: timidity
D. invalid: malady
E. candidate:ambititon
Answer Key
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. D
8. E
9. B
10. D
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. D
15. E
16. B
17. D
18. B
19. E
20. A

Pharmacovigilance- A Practical Guide for Beginners

This book would be of great  help to those who are yet to start their career in the Pharmacovigilance domain.

 http://pdfcast.org/pdf/a-practical-guide-on-pharmacovigilance-for-beginners

Link to Electronic Journals, Books and Newspapers

 I guess this link would be of great help to people who have a passion to read newspapers or are curious to know things happening in the world.

 http://library.pittstate.edu/db/#e-news